The Coronation of Charlemagne essays

The Coronation of Charlemagne expositions Since the beginning rulers and people with significant influence have regularly looked for more prominent control and endeavored to make sure about greater power. During the Middle Ages power was normally gotten by either being successful in fight, legacy, or by entering in a type of agreement. One of the most remarkable of all rulers during the Middle Ages was Charlemagne other astute know as Charles the Great. With the beginning of Charlemagnes rule he was continually occupied with military battles making a huge realm and quickly getting one of the most influential men of his time. Anyway it isn't his military ascent to control that students of history question rather it is acknowledgment of common crowning ceremony and assuming the job of Roman Emperor. The major inquiry of Did Charlemagne want to be delegated by Pope Leo III? or on the other hand Was he simply gotten unsuspecting he might want history to accept? emerges. If one somehow managed to accept what Einhard revealed Char lemagne as saying That he would not have come into the congregation had he known the Pope's arrangement then the response to the previous inquiry would be No. After further exploration of the inquiry one can see that Charlemagne had a lot to pick up from this new title and the advantages endlessly exceeded any evil slants in his Carolingian realm. He was excessively incredible of a pioneer not to have known Pope Leo III plans a head of time a too canny not to have seen the advantages of this demonstration. His acknowledgment of the crown and title Roman Emperor was huge in fortifying his administration on two significant focuses. First the crowning ordinance hardened Charlemagne as the most impressive pioneer of Western Europe and second it joined the Roman Catholic Church with Charlemagnes Carolingian realm. Charlemagne had achieved more that some other one individual in Western Europe since the fall of the Roman Empire. Charlemagne originated from a long queue of incredible pioneers; ... <!

Forensic Evidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Criminological Evidence - Essay Example Was it called in? Was it something that police on the lookout or some other obligation happened upon? Was it detailed at the police headquarters and subsequently cops we sent to review? How was the wrongdoing occurrence announced? Who made the report to the police and when and how? The entirety of this data is inaccessible and unrecorded. This data is significant as the time between when a wrongdoing occurred and when the wrongdoing scene was made sure about and investigated is significant since it has a heading on any sullying of the wrongdoing scene that may have occurred. It likewise has bearing on the veracity of the wrongdoing report. Could this be an organized wrongdoing? Or on the other hand did the wrongdoing really happen as revealed? These are the primary most glaring inadequacies of this wrongdoing report. The report is likewise ailing in the data about the complainant. It is in any event, ailing in the complete name of the complainant †a Mr D. Youthful. David? Daniel ? This kind of uncertainty on the name is additionally exacerbated by the way that there is no notice of whether this complainant recorded any sort of composed proclamation. One would expect that a marked proclamation from the complainant would be a piece of the wrongdoing scene report. There are no subtleties of what the complainant revealed or where even Mr Young was the point at which the supposed wrongdoing occurred. Likewise there is no illustrative data about Mr Young. ... In the event that Mr Young was harmed, what sort of injury right? There isn't so much as a portrayal of the injury that Mr Young is said to have endured or how it was accounted for to have been continued. Is it accurate to say that he was treated for the injury? Assuming this is, where was the treatment done. The report makes reference to that an observer professes to have seen somebody fleeing from the premises at 1030 pm on the twentieth. There is no notice of even a harsh depiction of what this individual who was seen fleeing resembled. It is additionally muddled who the observer was, was it Mr Young? Did the observer record an announcement? What job did the observer play in the wrongdoing scene and what does he resemble? The report is affirmed to be that of robbery however makes no notice of what was removed or what was missing or whether this was an ineffective thievery or whether the criminal was blocked previously or while carrying out the wrongdoing. The report says that the theft may have occurred at 1030pm around evening time yet there is no portrayal of the lighting in the room and how much light was accessible around then. Is there an arrival light? Did the occasions occur in obscurity or were the lights on when they occurred? The scene report asserts this is an assessment of the room. It makes no notice of what sort of house this wrongdoing purportedly occurred in. Was it a cottage? Was it a level? Was it a manor? Is it a multi-amazed structure? If not, what number of floors? Where is the room comparative with the remainder of the house? Are there some other houses other than it? The report makes no notice of what number of rooms there are in the house and who dwells in the house †we can just accept that it is Mr Young yet it hasn’t been expressed. Who else lives there? The report makes no notice of whether the house was a wooden house, solid house or even a

5 British Books to Look For in July

5 British Books to Look For in July July is a little quiet on the British books front in the US. Thats not the case  in the UK, where theres an explosion of exciting-sounding books, but over here across the Pond, publishers seem to be saving those for the autumn or even early next year if theyre buying them at all. Still, theres good ones making it over to the US, and here are some of them. Come Let Us Sing Anyway, by Leone Ross (Peepal Tree Press, 1st July) Leone Ross short fiction has been richly praised, published in multiple anthologies, and translated into Spanish, French and Slovak, but this is her first collection. The stories are set in the UK and Jamaica and vary in length from flash fiction to extended story, and have in common fantastical elements and a refusal to shy away from difficult and complicated subjects, like intense sexuality, social inequality, and the killing of black people by police. The Things I Would Tell You: British Muslim Women Write, ed. Sabrina Mahfouz (Saqi Books, 11th July) Fiction, essays, memoir, poetry, drama: all are present in this eclectic collection which showcases well-known authors alongside emerging writers. They visit Karachi and New York City, explore romantic love and Brexit and a multitude of other places and themes. Adhaf Soueif writes the introduction, and she makes clear that one of the aims of the anthology is to dispel the narrow image of what a Muslim woman and particularly a British Muslim woman looks and lives like. Jane Austen at Home, by Lucy Worsley (St Martins Press, 11th July) Among the plethora of new, bicentennial-hooked Austen books is this unique take on one of Britains most beloved authors, through the prism of the places where she either lived or spent significant time, and how she wrote of home in her novels. Can I Speak to Someone in Charge? by Emily Clarkson (Simon Schuster, 13th July) Heres what Emily herself says about her book of essays in letter form, on topics as diverse as thigh gap and Facebook friends and Lycra: I hope this book will speak to a range of women, and men actually, I hope it will make people laugh, but more importantly I hope it will open peoples eyes to the fact that weve got a lot to do if we want to make growing up in a good and kind world a possibility for our daughters. Tin Man, by Sarah Winman (Tinder Press, 27th July) Ellis and Michael are inseparable as twelve-year-old boys  until Annie walks into their lives. This is an almost-love story if Im being honest, probably my favourite kind of love story by the author of the beloved  When God Was a Rabbit.

Sociological Explanations For The Divorce Phenomenon

A major change that has occurred in the Western family is an increased incidence in divorce. Whereas in the past, divorce was a relatively rare occurrence, in recent times it has become quite commonplace. This change is borne out clearly in census figures. For example thirty years ago in Australia, only one marriage in ten ended in divorce; nowadays the figure is more than one in three (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1996: p.45). A consequence of this change has been a substantial increase in the number of single parent families and the attendant problems that this brings (Kilmartin, 1997). An important issue for sociologists, and indeed for all of society, is why these changes in marital patterns have occurred. In this essay I will seek to critically examine a number of sociological explanations for the divorce phenomenon and also consider the social policy implications that each explanation carries with it. It will be argued that the best explanations are to be found within a broad socio-economic framework. One type of explanation for rising divorce has focused on changes in laws relating to marriage. For example, Bilton, Bonnett and Jones (1987) argue that increased rates of divorce do not necessarily indicate that families are now more unstable. It is possible, they claim, that there has always been a degree of marital instability. They suggest that changes in the law have been significant, because they have provided unhappily married couples with access to aShow MoreRelatedSociological Explanations For The Divorce Phenomenon1154 Words   |  5 PagesA major change that has occurred in the Western family is an increased incidence in divorce. Whereas in the past, divorce was a relatively rare occurrence, in recent times it has become quite commonplace. This change is borne out clearly in census figures. For example thirty years ago in Australia, only one marriage in ten ended in divorce; nowadays the figure is more than one in three (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1996: p.45). A co nsequence of this change has been a substantial increase in theRead More Cohabitation and its Effect on Marital Stability in the US Essay1725 Words   |  7 Pagescohabitation into sociological analyses and thinking, is crucial for evaluating family patterns, people’s lifestyles, children’s wellbeing and social changes more broadly. This essay presents some common explanation for cohabitation’s dramatic rise and identifies some analytic questions as to how cohabitation is increasingly a major barrier in the marital stability in the United States. Cohabitation, over the last two decades has gone from being a relatively uncommon social phenomenon to a commonplaceRead MoreAssess the View That Religion Is a Source of Instability and Conflict1094 Words   |  5 Pagesshape the way our world developed. Whilst some sociological theories such as functionalist sees religion as performing a positive function in society as it can lead to social solidarity, integrating people into society, other sociological theories such as Marxist and Feminist totally disagrees with this and would argue that religion leads to instability and conflict in society. Karl Marx a Marxist sees religion as an illusion and that the phenomenon of religion is part of what Marx refers to asRead MoreCauses of Suicide Essay1617 Words   |  7 Pagesthe least aware of the answer to this ninth leading cause of death. Scientists have discovered that the cause of this fatal behavior can be found both within and without the individual. Whether biological, sociological or psychological the question remains as to which one will provide explanations to suicidal behavior. Or perhaps, could the answer be that all these factors are somehow interrelated. Whatever the case may be the statistics are frighteningly real. There is more suicide deaths thanRead MoreSuicide Rates Among Active Duty Personnel Decreased1551 Words   |  7 Pagesjob and combat stress of the military and already existing life stressors. A Sociological Perspective The problem of military suicides is nothing new. Throughout the history of the United States there have been wars and as a result of the trauma and aftermath caused by war, suicide has always occurred in the military. Historically, the approach to suicide in the military was often attributed to an individual phenomenon resulting in the specific manner that service-members respond to understandingRead MoreClassical Sociological Theory2015 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿Name: Chow Ka Chun Simon; Ssid: 1155032615 Course Code: SOCI 3003 Classical Sociological Theories Professor : Chan Hoi Man Tutor : Joanne Luk Date : 12th November, 2014 Mid-term Exercise Topic: Discuss the meaning and significance of social fact. In your paper, discuss why the concept of your choice may be considered as important for understanding the works of the theorist concerned. In addition, you may also discuss the border significance of the concept in helping you to understand theRead MoreDurkheim Deviance1938 Words   |  8 Pagesof suicide. This essay will explore the sociological contributions provided by functionalist Emile Durkheim, the ideas he posited and the criticisms both internal and external that were prompted by his theory of suicide. Suicide is undeniably one of the most personal actions an individual can take upon oneself and yet it has a deep social impact. Could this be because social relationships play such an important role in its causation? In a sociological study Emile Durkheim produced his theory ofRead MoreThe Development Of The Pair Bond1513 Words   |  7 Pagesmost often discussed when describing human interaction and that which is considered the most â€Å"ideal† or â€Å"normal† relationship (demonstrated by cultural morality and various forms of media) is that of the male-female couple. This pair-bonding is a phenomenon that exists to some degree in the natural world, but occurs most prominently in humans. The development of the pair-bond is one of the single most important aspe cts of human evolution, culture, and relationships as we understand them today. ThisRead MoreNorms And The Social System2752 Words   |  12 Pagesthe internalized and codified agreements about behavior and they differ between and among groups, organizations, institutions and societies. Figures such as Durkheim, Weber, Marshall and Pareto had great influence on Parsons in developing his sociological idea about means and ends. Parsons’, in his work The Social System (1957) criticized utilitarian concept of action for their emphasis individualism, economic action and market relations and other economic categories; he focused on the social processesRead MoreHow Do I Explain Behaviour.3312 Words   |  14 Pagesconnotations – content and process. The content is what we know, such as facts we learn in chemistry or psychology courses. Science is also a process – an activity that includes the systematic ways in which data are gathered, relationships are noted and explanations offered. There is a great difference between sociology and physics, psychology and astronomy. For this reason, the sciences are commonly divided into natural and social sciences. Natural science is the study of physical features of nature and Sociological Explanations For The Divorce Phenomenon A major change that has occurred in the Western family is an increased incidence in divorce. Whereas in the past, divorce was a relatively rare occurrence, in recent times it has become quite commonplace. This change is borne out clearly in census figures. For example thirty years ago in Australia, only one marriage in ten ended in divorce; nowadays the figure is more than one in three (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1996: p.45). A consequence of this change has been a substantial increase in the number of single parent families and the attendant problems that this brings (Kilmartin, 1997). An important issue for sociologists, and indeed for all of society, is why these changes in marital patterns have occurred. In this essay I will†¦show more content†¦One example of these changes is the raised material aspirations of families, which Hart suggests has put pressure on both spouses to become wage earners. Women as a result have been forced to become both homemakers and economic providers. According to Hart, the contradiction of these two roles has lead to conflict and this is the main cause of marital breakdown. It would appear that Hart s explanation cannot account for all cases of divorce - for example, marital breakdown is liable to occur in families where only the husband is working. Nevertheless, her approach, which is to relate changes in family relations to broader social forces, would seem to be more probing than one that looks only at legislative change. The two explanations described above have very different implications for social policy, especially in relation to how the problem of increasing marital instability might be dealt with. Bilton et al. (1995) offer a legal explanation and hence would see the solutions also being determined in this domain. If rises in divorce are thought to be the consequence of liberal divorce laws, the obvious way to stem this rise is to make them less obtainable. This approach, one imagines, would lead to a reduction in divorce statistics; however, it cannot really be held up as a genuine solution to the problems of marital stress andShow MoreRelatedSociological Explanations For The Divorce Phenomenon1154 Words   |  5 PagesA major change that has occurred in the Western family is an increased incidence in divorce. Whereas in the past, divorce was a relatively rare occurrence, in recent times it has become quite commonplace. This change is borne out clearly in census figures. For example thirty ye ars ago in Australia, only one marriage in ten ended in divorce; nowadays the figure is more than one in three (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1996: p.45). A consequence of this change has been a substantial increase in theRead More Cohabitation and its Effect on Marital Stability in the US Essay1725 Words   |  7 Pagescohabitation into sociological analyses and thinking, is crucial for evaluating family patterns, people’s lifestyles, children’s wellbeing and social changes more broadly. This essay presents some common explanation for cohabitation’s dramatic rise and identifies some analytic questions as to how cohabitation is increasingly a major barrier in the marital stability in the United States. Cohabitation, over the last two decades has gone from being a relatively uncommon social phenomenon to a commonplaceRead MoreAssess the View That Religion Is a Source of Instability and Conflict1094 Words   |  5 Pagesshape the way our world developed. Whilst some sociological theories such as functionalist sees religion as performing a positive function in society as it can lead to social solidarity, integrating people into society, other sociological theories such as Marxist and Feminist totally disagrees with this and would argue that religion leads to instability and conflict in society. Karl Marx a Marxist sees religion as an illusion and that the phenomenon of religion is part of what Marx refers to asRead MoreCauses of Suicide Essay1617 Words   |  7 Pagesthe least aware of the answer to this ninth leading cause of death. Scientists have discovered that the cause of this fatal behavior can be found both within and without the individual. Whether biological, sociological or psychological the question remains as to which one will provide explanations to suicidal behavior. Or perhaps, could the answer be that all these factors are somehow interrelated. Whatever the case may be the statistics are frighteningly real. There is more suicide deaths thanRead MoreSuicide Rates Among Active Duty Personnel Decreased1551 Words   |  7 Pagesjob and combat stress of the military and already existing life stressors. A Sociological Perspective The problem of military suicides is nothing new. Throughout the history of the United States there have been wars and as a result of the trauma and aftermath caused by war, suicide has always occurred in the military. Historically, the approach to suicide in the military was often attributed to an individual phenomenon resulting in the specific manner that service-members respond to understandingRead MoreClassical Sociological Theory2015 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿Name: Chow Ka Chun Simon; Ssid: 1155032615 Course Code: SOCI 3003 Classical Sociological Theories Professor : Chan Hoi Man Tutor : Joanne Luk Date : 12th November, 2014 Mid-term Exercise Topic: Discuss the meaning and significance of social fact. In your paper, discuss why the concept of your choice may be considered as important for understanding the works of the theorist concerned. In addition, you may also discuss the border significance of the concept in helping you to understand theRead MoreDurkheim Deviance1938 Words   |  8 Pagesof suicide. This essay will explore the sociological contributions provided by functionalist Emile Durkheim, the ideas he posited and the criticisms both internal and external that were prompted by his theory of suicide. Suicide is undeniably one of the most personal actions an individual can take upon oneself and yet it has a deep social impact. Could this be because social relationships play such an important role in its causation? In a sociological study Emile Durkheim produced his theory ofRead MoreThe Development Of The Pair Bond1513 Words   |  7 Pagesmost often discussed when describing human interaction and that which is considered the most â€Å"ideal† or â€Å"normal† relationship (demonstrated by cultural morality and various forms of media) is that of the male-female couple. This pair-bonding is a phenomenon that exists to some degree in the natural world, but occurs most prominently in humans. The development of the pair-bond is one of the single most important aspe cts of human evolution, culture, and relationships as we understand them today. ThisRead MoreNorms And The Social System2752 Words   |  12 Pagesthe internalized and codified agreements about behavior and they differ between and among groups, organizations, institutions and societies. Figures such as Durkheim, Weber, Marshall and Pareto had great influence on Parsons in developing his sociological idea about means and ends. Parsons’, in his work The Social System (1957) criticized utilitarian concept of action for their emphasis individualism, economic action and market relations and other economic categories; he focused on the social processesRead MoreHow Do I Explain Behaviour.3312 Words   |  14 Pagesconnotations – content and process. The content is what we know, such as facts we learn in chemistry or psychology courses. Science is also a process – an activity that includes the systematic ways in which data are gathered, relationships are noted and explanations offered. There is a great difference between sociology and physics, psychology and astronomy. For this reason, the sciences are commonly divided into natural and social sciences. Natural science is the study of physical features of nature and

Marijuan What Is It - 2233 Words

Marijuana: What is it? Cannabis, although more commonly known as marijuana, is a preparation of the plant cannabis. Marijuana is used for both a psychoactive affect as well as a medical resource. Typically, marijuana is grown in tropical environments. Cannabis can come in three forms which are marijuana, hashish, and hash oils; each form of the cannabis plant is used and consumed in numerous ways and processes various levels of potency (Narconcon, 2010). However, marijuana is the most commonly used form of the cannabis plant and it also is the least potent of the three forms. Marijuana is more commonly consumed by smoking; yet marijuana can also be made into edible substances such as brownies, cookies, and lollipops. The various†¦show more content†¦However, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), has not recognized nor approved unprocessed marijuana as a medicine (NIH, 2014). While, scientific studies of marijuana has led the creation of two FDA approved medications. Th e current studies has also lead to the development of drugs eliminating and or minimizing the â€Å"high† effect of the drug leaving the therapeutic benefits for its users (NIH, 2014). Leaving the widely Americans to considered intensely whether or not marijuana should be legalized intensely or just for medical purposes; even leaving Americans to consider not legalizing the drug at all. History of Marijuana Marijuana has become a widely discussed topic within our society today. History has shown marijuana was and currently still looked down upon by society; yet there has been serious thought about the legalization oqf marijuana today. In 1545, marijuana was brought to American by the Spanish although it was not introduced until 1611 (Narconcon, 2010). During this period marijuana become a major commercial crop as was tobacco; marijuana was seen as a source of fiber to the settlers of Jamestown. Although, by 1890 marijuana had been replaced as a major cash crop by the production and distribution of cotton; marijuana was also used in medicines during 1890. (Narconcon, 2010). However it was only in a small percentage of medicines used during that time.

Precautionary Principle Free Essays

Precautionary Principle The precautionary principle was arguably developed and originally implemented in Germany and Sweden, and it is these nations that remain the leading proponents of it. For example, it was one of these nations (Germany) that put the precautionary principle on the international stage, and today with regard to environmental regulation (in particular chemicals) it is Sweden that is pushing forward precautionary legislation in the European Union. There is a conflict between those who support the principle and those who oppose it. We will write a custom essay sample on Precautionary Principle or any similar topic only for you Order Now For example, American policy-makers have become increasingly concerned with the use of the concept by the EU, seeing it as a threat to scientific risk analysis as the main tool for regulation used hitherto. Academics in the United States point out that the US had precautionary elements in their regulations during the 1970s; but these elements turned out to be excessively costly and faulty, and so were abandoned following a Supreme Court judgment in 1980 (in an infamous case concerning benzene) which insisted that regulation must depend on scientific proof of risk. There is no one definition of the precautionary principle. One Swedish author, Per Sandin, lists 19 formulations, often individually vague and mutually contradictory. [1] The most commonly used definition is contained in the 1992 Rio Declaration, which stated that in order to protect the environment, the precautionary approach shall be widely applied by States according to their capabilities. Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation. One of the more rigorous analyze of the meanings of the precautionary principle have been put forward in work by Wiener and Rogers. They argue that there are three different formulations of the precautionary principle. These are:[2] †¢ Uncertainty does not justify inaction. In its most basic form, the precautionary principle is a principle that permits regulation in the absence of complete evidence about the particular risk scenario. Lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing measures to prevent environmental degradation-Bergen Declaration]. †¢ Uncertainty justifies action. This version of the precautionary approach is more aggressive. †¢ Uncertainty requires shifting the burden and standard of proof. This version of the precautionary principle is the most aggressive. It holds that uncertain risk requires forbidding the potentially risky activity until the proponent of the activity demonstrates that it poses no (or acceptable) risk. In this part of the report, the precautionary principle is analyzed in the context of the World Trade Organization and with respect to: i) GATT and exceptions in Article XX, ii) the Subsidiary Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS), and iii) the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT). The precautionary principle is the focus of intense debates in the fields of food safety and GMOs, particularly in the World Trade Organization. 3] Tensions over these issues grew in 1998 after an EC moratorium based on the precautionary principle was applied to GM products from the United States, Canada and Argentina. [4] In 2003, the affected exporting countries requested the establishment of a Dispute Settlement Body by the WTO. [5] World Trade Organization (WTO) The World Trade Organization (WTO) emerged on April 15,1994, predicated on the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) of 1947. [6] The reforms of this organization introduced ‘resolutions’ regardin g the environment. In its preamble, it mentions the ‘objective of sustainable development’ and â€Å"seeking both to protect and preserve the environment†. [7] In 1995, the Committee on Trade and the Environment was created to promote sustainable development and to identify a relationship between trade and the environment. [8] This Committee was created at the behest of the WTO at the end of the Uruguay Round. [9] WTO legislation since then has ad- dressed trade issues that substantially relate to the environment. 10] In spite of the ‘greening’ efforts to integrate the environment and trade, the WTO continues to pursue its objectives â€Å"by entering into reciprocal and mutually advantageous arrangement directed to the substantial reduction of tariffs and other barriers to trade and to the elimination of discriminatory treatment in international relations†. [11] WTO agreements that can potentially apply to ‘GMO restrictive measures’ contained in: Ar t. XX of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) of 1947,[12] The Subsidiary Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS). 13] A concise application of GATT rules to the GMO controversy will probably not allow stringent regulation of transgenic products such as the one by the European Community and consequently, the WTO will not allow the application of the precautionary principle. Among the measures contained in the GATT agreement that may represent a problem for the application of precautionary measures is the definition of a ‘like product’[14] and the ostensible product regulation the WTO has employed for products. 15] If the WTO decides to take this approach under GATT to GMOs, it will be largely impossible to sustain bans on these products. The precautionary principle as well may not survive scrutiny from the WTO since it would need to show sufficient scientific evidence that health effects derive from the consumption of GM products. Subsidiary Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) The SPS agreement was created in 1993, which by WTO parties to help reduce the incidence of non-tariff trade barriers imposed to protect, ostensibly, human, animal or plant life. 16] The WTO describes the focus of the SPS agreement: â€Å"To maintain the sovereign right it deems appropriate, but to ensure that these sovereign rights are not misused for protectionist purposes and do not result in unnecessary barriers to international trade†. [17] The SPS agreement does not provide states with acceptable sanitary standards; instead, it guides governments in establishing SPS rules. These guidelines are aimed at helping WTO members to (1) harmonize standards and (2) to assess the appropriate level of SPS protection based on an assessment of risks. Regarding (1) harmonization, under Art. , it recommends that states base their sanitary measures on international standards, guidelines or recommendations, whenever they exist. (2) With respect to the level of SPS protection, Art. 5 encourages states to base their sanitary standards of risks on scientific evidence. The precautionary principle or at least parts of this principle can be found in various parts of the SPS agreement. [18] Precaution is specifically incorporated in (1) the levels of protection, mentions that states can determine â€Å"the appropriate level of protection of human, animal or plant life or health†. 19] (2) In Art. 3. 3, which is precautionary in nature, the level of protection that can be implemented by states is addressed in the following manner: â€Å"members may introduce or maintain sanitary or Phytosanitary measures which result in a higher level of protection than would be achieved on measures based on the international standards†[20] and (3) Art. 5. 7, states that states can adopt higher standards provisionally â€Å"in cases where relevant scientific evidence is insufficient†. 21] The first case to put to t he test precautionary measures under the SPS was the Beef Hormones Dispute,[22] which was based on an embargo imposed by the European Community against US beef treated with artificial growth-enhancing hormones. This case seems to indicate how the WTO applies the precautionary principle. In this case, the European Community did not look at international standards for selecting the SPS l protection level, namely, in the Codex. According to Art. 3. 3 of this agreement, the EC had a right to increase the level of protection only when the ‘higher protection’ was based on a risk assessment. According to article 5. 7, the EC could have chosen higher standards temporarily until it acquired scientific evidence to support the SPS measures. Accordingly, when countries regulate GMOs, and impose standards more stringent than those found on the international level, they will be required to demonstrate a rational relationship between the regulations and the respective risk assessment. With respect to the precautionary principle, both the WTO panel and the appellate body refused to consider its evolution into a principle of international law. 23] However, they recognized that it was the focus of debate â€Å"among academics, law practitioners, regulators and judges†. [24] The appellate body, though, found that the precautionary principle was ‘reflected’ in the SPS agreement, but did not override the specific obligations in that agreement. [25] Based on the hormones case, the SPS agreement’s version of the precautionary principle relies on a scientifical ly based risk assessment. This standard is not likely to afford protection in cases where scientific evidence has not yet been developed. Nevertheless, countries can impose restrictions based on â€Å"provisional measures† to protect, at least temporarily, human health. The temporary moratorium is still more attractive than any alternative yet devised. Core elements of the precautionary principle have been included in trade agreements, particularly, a) in the SPS agreement, b) in chapter XX of the GATT. Although exceptions in these agreements allude to precaution, the discussion of this principle has been directly addressed under the SPS agreement; particularly, in the Hormone Case. The Appellate Body, in this case, said that the provisions of the SPS Agreement embraced the precautionary principle. [26] This principle, however, has been interpreted as being subordinated to clear and convincing scientific evidence to deal with uncertainties caused by lack of scientific evidence. The WTO, when deciding the case between the US and the EC over the moratorium on transgenic products,[27] is obliged by its own decisions to consider its rules not in isolation but in accordance with international law. 28] The precautionary measures by the EC have to be interpreted in accordance with multilateral environmental agreements. [29] The precautionary principle rests in the hands of the WTO; the way these institutions will interpret this principle will shape the future of protection in the international arena. If the WTO declares illegal the EC moratorium on transgenic products, countries will be reluctant to apply the precautionary principle even when the application of this pr inciple is required by a multilateral environmental agreement such as the Cartagena Protocol. An attack on the precautionary principle by the WTO can result in international conflicts between the trade and environmental regimes. Regional View of Precautionary Principle At the regional level, the precautionary principle has been embraced in different ways. In the European Community (EC), this principle plays a fundamental role in biodiversity and health protection, particularly in the field of GMOs. In North America, this principle does not play as fundamental a role in the North American Free Trade Agreement, but has been tangentially alluded to when GMO issues have been raised. The precautionary principle is particularly essential in the management of risk, which is considered in the EC within a structured approach to the analysis of risk encompassing, such as risk assessment, risk management and risk communication. To apply the precautionary principle, decision makers need to start with a scientific evaluation as comprehensive as possible for the purpose of identifying the degree of uncertainty. [30] Unlike in the European Community, the precautionary principle does not play a central role in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). 31] The principle is, nevertheless somehow embraced in this agreement through national legislation. It can be said, however, that the mere creation of the Commission of Environmental Cooperation (CEC) is a precautionary measure to prevent parties from indiscriminately exploiting the environment in the name of trade. While the CEC furthers environmental protection by promoting citizen complaints, its effectiveness is yet to be seen, particularly in the promotion and endorsement of environmental principles such as the precautionary principle. Conclusion In the areas of trade and environmental law, the GMO debate has escalated to the WTO. This organization, when considering the European moratoriums, will definitely shape the application of this principle. If the WTO finds European regulation to be inconsistent with trade agreements, countries will be less willing to apply this principle. At the regional level, while this principle has not been embraced in NAFTA, core elements are contained in national legislation. Although the precautionary principle has been considered in NAFTA by the CEC, this environmental organization is not fully independent and lacks authority to truly promote environmental values such as the precautionary principle. It has also argued that the precautionary principle is not contrary to science but to provide answers with regard to new technologies and in this case, GMOs. With regard to the foundations of this principle, it was argued that it was based on common sense (natural law), and that some of these elements are embodied in the statute of the international court of justice. The precautionary principle departs from anthropocentric attitudes and encompasses a holistic approach. It is not a definite solution and it will not change the world overnight,[32] but it can make a difference in the protection of human health and the environment by providing guidance to policy makers when considering threats posed by GMOs. Bibliography R. Burnett V. Bath, Law of International Business in Australasia, The Federation Press, 2009. J. Mo, International Commercial Law, LexisNexis Butterworths, 4th edition, 2008. ———————– 1] P Sandin, ‘Dimensions of the precautionary principle’ Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, Vol. 5(1999), n. 5, pp. 889-907. [2] JB Wiener and MD Rogers, ‘Comparing precaution in the United States and Europe’, forthcoming in Journal of Risk Research, pp. 4-5. [3] Shaw, Sabrina y Schwartz, Risa, â€Å"The Cartagena Protocol and the WTO: Reflections on the Precautionary Principle†, 10 Swiss Review of International and European Law at 537. [4] Bridgers, supra note 2, at 181 y 182. [5] Isaac, Grant E. y Kerr, William A. , Genetically Modified Organisms at the World Trade Organization: A Harvest of Trouble (2003) 37 J. World Trade at 1083. [6] Macmil l an, Fiona, WTO and the Environment, London, Sweet Maxwel l , 2001, at 7. [7] See preamble of Marrakech Agreement of the World Trade Organization, Annex 1A, Legal Instruments of the Uruguay Round vol. 1, 33 ILM 1154 (1994). [8] Macmillan, supra note 92 at 12. [9] Ibidem, at 12 y 13. [10] Ibidem, at 12-16. Among the cases the WTO has addressed are: the Tuna-Dolphin cases, The Automobiles case, The Reformulated Gasoline and the Sea Turtle Case. [11] WTO preamble, supra note 93. [12] General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), Oct. 30, 1947, 61 Stat. A-11 TIAS 1700 UNTS 194, as modified by Marrakech Agreement of the World Trade Organization, Annex 1A, Legal Instruments of the Uruguay Round vol. 1, 33 ILM 1154 (1994). [13] Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) (15 April 1994), â€Å"WTO Agreement, Annex 1A, 69†. http://www. wto. org/english/docs_e/legal_e/15-sps. pdf. [14] Art. 2. 6 of the Agreement of Implementation of Art. VI of the GATT 1994 on Antidumping and Countervailing Measures reads as follows: â€Å"Throughout this Agreement the term ‘like product’ (product similarity) shall be interpreted to mean a product which is identical, i. . alike in all respects to the product under consideration, or in the absence of such a product, another product which, although not alike in all respects, has characteristics closely resembling those of the product under consideration†. [15] Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the GATT, 1994. http://www. wto. org/english/ docs_e/legal_e/19-adp. pdf. [16] Grosko, Brett, â€Å"Genetic Engineering and Internacional Law: Conflict or Harmony? An analysis of the Biosafety Protocol, GATT, and the WTO Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement† (2001) 20 Va. Envtl. L. J. 295 at 308. [17] WTO, â€Å"Understanding the WTO Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures†. http://www. wto. org/wto/goods/spsund. htm. [18] Shaw, supra note 88 at 540. [19] SPS agreement, supra note 99, see preamble (1) 6. [20] Ibidem, Article 3. 3. [21] Ibidem, Article 5. 7. [22] EC Measures Concerning Meat Meat Products, Panel Reports: Case WI/DS26/R/USA, August 18, 1997 WT/DS48/R/CAN, August 18, 1997; Appellate Body Report: WT/DS26/AB/RWT/DS48/AB/R, January 16, 1998 in supra note 115. 23] Macmillan, supra note 92 at 153 y 154. [24] Ibidem, at 153 y 154. [25] â€Å"World Trade Organization, summary on the Precautionary Principle,† http://www. wto. org/english/tratop_e/sps_e/sps_agreement_cbt_e/c8s2pl_e. htm. [26] Shaw, supra note 88 at 540. [27] Dispute Settlement Body, Panel WTO: European Communities Measures Affecting the Approval and Marketing of Biotech Products, WT/DS291/27, WT/DS292/21 and WT293/21, http://www. wto. org/english/tra top_e/dispu_e/dispu_subjects_index_e. htm#gmos. 28] Appellate Body Report AB-1996-1,WT/DS2/AB/R at supra note 130. [29] Shaw, supra note 88. [30] Commission of the European Communities, â€Å"Communication of the application of the Precautionary Principle†, (2000). http://europa. eu. int/eur-lex/en/com/cnc/2000/com2000_0001en01. pdf. [31] Raustiala, Kal, â€Å"Precaution in the Federal Legislation of the NAFTA parties†, North America Environmental Law Policy Commission of Environmental Cooperation. http://www. cec. org/files/pdf/lawpolicy/naelp10_en. pdf. [32] Vanderzwaag, supra note 22 at 374 y 375. How to cite Precautionary Principle, Papers

Economics for Professionals

Questions: 1.Briefly summarise the main issues discussed in this article?2. Using Demand and Supply model of exchange rate determination briefly explain howAUD is determined in the forex market, and what factors influence its fluctuations.3. Using exchange rate data from Reserve Bank of Australia and graphs (monthly data of last three years) analyse the movement of AUD relative to that of the US dollar? Is it in linewith the world commodity price movement during this period? Are there any other factorscontributing to this behaviour of the Australian dollar?4. Do you think that the AUD will fall as low as US 65C by the end of 2016? Justify your answer. What advantages do you think Australia will have in such a scenario?5. If the market rate is US 65C then what action could the Reserve Bank of Australia take inorder to maintain the exchange rate at US 70C, and what side effects might this action haveon the Australian economy? Do you think that such actions would be effective? Answers: 1. The Reserve Bank of Australia had predicted that the Australian dollar is expected to fall. The RBA governor predicted that depreciation of the Australian dollar seems to be liable and necessary. The RBA governor also stated that the Australian dollars is regulating the major declines in key product prices. On the other hand, the currency-watchers attributed the unconventional behavior of Australian dollar to a range of factors. This range of factors comprises of purchasing of funds looking to evade bets that it will persist to decline (Tangen et al. 2013). It also includes a surge in the corporate of Australia. Another most important issue that has been identified is that Richard Grace, the principal currency strategist, considers a decline in the terms of trade of Australia that mainly measures export prices against import prices. This in turn will cut down the Australian dollar against the greenback. On the other hand, the chief currency strategist of Westpac, Robert Rennie concurs that orthodox drivers such as commodity prices as well as conflicting central bank policies between Australia and the US will eventually demolish the Australian dollar lower. The Australian dollar had also started a new trade that is mainly below 75 percent. The wide-based strength of the US dollar is a key factor that slide AUD with the index of the US dollar. It is also expected that the US dollar is likely to strengthen further that will keep the Australian dollar under pressure. Due to the recovery of the USD, AUD/USD will crush lower. As a result, the rate of inflation will diminish due to weak growth in wages as well as expectation related to low inflation (Apergis 2014) 2. The overarching macroeconomic factors that influence the decision of the traders is mainly driven by the forex market. Australia owes the reputation among currency traders to three Gs that mainly includes geology, geography and government policy (Frenkel and Johnson 2013). Figure: Forex Exchange Rate (Source: Created by Author) Australian dollar is one of the five most recurrently traded currencies in the market. In terms of GDP, Australia is listed among the major currencies in the world. Among the developed countries, Australia threads out for its heavy dependence upon commodities. The resource wealth of Australia does not have a universally positive impact on the economy of the country. Economic models are mainly designed to calculate the correct exchange rate of foreign currency. Traders incorporate a larger range of financial data into their trading decision. The market forces of demand and supply mostly determine floating rates. If demand for Australian dollar increases, the supply and demand relationship will lead to an increase in the price of Australian dollar. Australia may decide to make the use of pegged rate of exchange that is maintained artificially by the government. The pegged rate of foreign exchange is stable, as it does not alter intraday (Rossi 2013). 3. The Reserve Bank of Australia has collected data for more than a few years now on the foreign exchange market in Australia that allows one to analyze the development. Under the system of fixed rate of exchange that was established at the Bretton Woods was pegged to the pound sterling. This led to substantial changes to global monetary arrangements. The short-to-medium-run deviation in the movements of the real rate of exchange also determines the behavior of the Australian dollar. The weakness and depreciation of the terms of trade also determines behavior of the Australian dollar. In other words, dissatisfaction with the $US as an anchor currency began to arise largely as it was subjected to incessant downward pressure. Another important determinant that contributes to behavior of the Australian dollar is the crawling peg as well as the efficient appreciation. The terms of trade for a commodity exporting country like Australia is particularly imperative in influencing the current domestic as well as overseas excess demand (Atkin and Connolly 2013). An increase in the terms of trade reflects strong demand for the commodities in Australia. The marginal productivity of capital increases as a result, actual accumulation of capital must be financed out of saving. The net foreign asset also deals with Australian dollar. The level of net foreign assets fell to the point where net overseas liabilities emerge. The destabilized value of the AUD against the USD will attract several benefits to the financial system of Australia. The decline in the value of AUD in the foreign exchange market is likely to become reasonable. Exports are mainly related with the inflow of the overseas currency reserve in the treasury of Australia that is likely to enlarge, predominantly the USD reserve amounts. With the forces of demand and supply, the AUD will restore eventually due to increase in the demand in Australia that will affect deal. In line with this progress in the short term cash rates, the short-term rate of interest on loan as well as mortgages that tend to connect closely that will prove the efficacy of the monetary tool (Cole and Nightingale 2016). 4. Most of the analyst had predicted that the dollar would slump to US70? in late trade. On the other hand, some other economists had predicted that the Australian dollar could go down to US66? by the end of the year 2016. According to the chief economists of Deutsche Bank, Adam Boyton, the dollar could face a benevolent collapse at the beginning of the year when it was only a few cents of trading uniformly with the US dollar. However, he now predicts that the dollar will continue falling to US60? by the end of the year 2016. The Australian dollar is a disreputably unstable currency that is particularly a prey to Chinese financial movements. The Australian dollar has been in plummet. It is considered that the Australian dollar is likely to decline by more than U.S. 35c from its recent peak. It has been predicted by Morgan Stanley that the currency is expected to drop to US68? by the end of the year 2016. After an around 18 percent decline over the past one year due to decline in comm odity prices as well as targeted cash rate cuts, the Aussie dollar has been wedged in a trading range of US76? to US81?. The shale gas boom in America is likely to lead to lower Australian dollar. All the investment in Australian natural gas is predicted on a pretty high international price. The issues related to the natural gas prices in Australia are likely to diminish as the current US shale gas revolution has just put a lot more gas on the world market (Tietenberg and Lewis 2016). The advantages that are related to this scenario are as follows: A pay rise: A lower dollar will lead to more cash in the pocket. With more cash in the pocket, the individuals will have the probability to shop more. At the same time, the Australian-made exports will also become reasonably globally. Smaller budget deficit: With a lower Australian dollar, trades are likely to become more profitable and the individuals are likely to get more jobs. There will a less chance of a devious tax hike (Enoch and Albaugh 2016). Spare rooms can be rented: It will also lead to rush of inbound tourism. With a lower dollar, Australia will become a Mercedes at the price of Hyundai. The Barossa: With the rush of tourist in Australia will make the trip to overseas market more expensive. 5. The central bank of Australia regulates the rate of exchange at the preferred level that is mainly based on the economic objectives of the country. If the current rate of exchange is assumed to be US 65C, the Reserve bank of Australia will be able to accomplish an exchange rate of US 70C by redesigning the supply side elements of the financial system. The Central bank of Australia mainly desires to uphold the rate of exchange suitably with the help of open market operation. The distant Reserve Board adjusts the rate of exchange effectively as per the necessities defined in the public statements. The cash rate persuades associated rate of interest strongly. It will also adjust with the level of short-term rate of interest in the overall country (Stevens 2013). References Apergis, N., 2014. Can gold prices forecast the Australian dollar movements?.International Review of Economics Finance,29, pp.75-82. Atkin, T. and Connolly, E., 2013. Australian exports: global demand and the high exchange rate.RBA Bulletin, pp.1-10. Cole, D. and Nightingale, S., 2016. Sensitivity of Australian Trade to the Exchange Rate.New Banknotes: From Concept to Circulation 1 Sensitivity of Australian Trade to the Exchange Rate 13 The Household Cash Flow Channel of Monetary Policy 21 Chinese Household Income, Consumption and Savings 31 Developments in the Australian Repo Market 41, p.13. Enoch, M.A. and Albaugh, B.J., 2016. Genetic and environmental risk factors for alcohol use disorders in American Indians and Alaskan Natives.The American Journal on Addictions. Frenkel, J.A. and Johnson, H.G., 2013.The Economics of Exchange Rates (Collected Works of Harry Johnson): Selected Studies(Vol. 8). Routledge. Rossi, B., 2013. Exchange rate predictability.Journal of Economic Literature,51(4), pp.1063-1119. Stevens, G., 2013. The Australian dollar: Thirty years of floating.Speech to the Australian Business Economists' Annual Dinner, Sydney-21 November. Tangen, J.M., Grove, P.M., Spehar, B., Kemp, R.I. and White, D., 2013. The Reserve Bank of Australia security feature perception study report. Tietenberg, T.H. and Lewis, L., 2016.Environmental and natural resource economics. Routledge.

Alvin Ailey

Free Essays on One-child Policy

China has had a population problem for nearly 30 years now. This population problem has caused the Chinese government to create the one-child-per-family policy to counteract the problem. This policy helps reduce the country’s population but it also generates many other problems which are debated. Proponents and opponents argue over China’s economy and morals. The argument is now more heated as the population is under control and the people are making unmoral decisions. China’s â€Å"one-child† policy per couple has been a controversial issue for over 25 years and is still one today. China has always had a problem with over-population. The problem of a growing population is dated back to the Mao Zedong era when the population was just over 602 million people. He believed that if there were more people, then there would be more workers. The Chinese government noticed the problem of feeding, clothing, housing, employing and educating the numerous amount of people in the early 1980’s. China came up with the solution of producing a fewer amount of people. The government officials decided to create the one-child policy. With this, married couples would have to sign a one-child certificate which enforced the policy. This certificate served as a contract between the couple and the government to have only one child. China’s culture promotes a married couple to have a son. This feature of their culture is promoted by the idea that the son will act as a security system in the couples old age (Jowett). The security system does not work if a daughter is born because she will marry into another family. The countries ratios between men and women have grown farther apart due to the fact that a couple can only have one child. China’s cultural factors in the aspect of sexual preferences with having a baby have made the one-child policy in China hard to achieve. Hong Xiao, advocate of human rights, says that the one... Free Essays on One-child Policy Free Essays on One-child Policy China has had a population problem for nearly 30 years now. This population problem has caused the Chinese government to create the one-child-per-family policy to counteract the problem. This policy helps reduce the country’s population but it also generates many other problems which are debated. Proponents and opponents argue over China’s economy and morals. The argument is now more heated as the population is under control and the people are making unmoral decisions. China’s â€Å"one-child† policy per couple has been a controversial issue for over 25 years and is still one today. China has always had a problem with over-population. The problem of a growing population is dated back to the Mao Zedong era when the population was just over 602 million people. He believed that if there were more people, then there would be more workers. The Chinese government noticed the problem of feeding, clothing, housing, employing and educating the numerous amount of people in the early 1980’s. China came up with the solution of producing a fewer amount of people. The government officials decided to create the one-child policy. With this, married couples would have to sign a one-child certificate which enforced the policy. This certificate served as a contract between the couple and the government to have only one child. China’s culture promotes a married couple to have a son. This feature of their culture is promoted by the idea that the son will act as a security system in the couples old age (Jowett). The security system does not work if a daughter is born because she will marry into another family. The countries ratios between men and women have grown farther apart due to the fact that a couple can only have one child. China’s cultural factors in the aspect of sexual preferences with having a baby have made the one-child policy in China hard to achieve. Hong Xiao, advocate of human rights, says that the one...

The American children of the gilded age Research Paper

The American children of the gilded age - Research Paper Example These include the native American-Indians and the immigrant groups from Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America. Although they are the native inhabitants of the country, the Indians were compelled to succumb to the pressure of Americanization (Monaghan 59). Meaning, the government was committed to see them get assimilated into the mainstream American culture. Having traced their roots in America, the Indians were perceived to be conservative people who were deeply rooted in their traditional activities. This included practices like hunting, traditional religious practices and many values and beliefs that were fiercely opposed by the westernized government. So, to assimilate them into the main system, the government came up with several policies. The most outstanding of these strategies was the introduction of western education amongst the Indians. It was thought that education would help in assimilating them into the desired culture. After the dramatic changes in 1865, the national government came up with the idea of establishing National Boarding Schools for the American Indians. Although it was fiercely opposed by the American Indians, the government went ahead to remove the children and forcefully take them to these institutions. Here, they would be separated from the rest of the society that might influence them to embrace their native cultural practices. By taking them to the boarding schools, the government hoped, they would get an ample opportunity to learn different aspects of European-American culture without any hindrance. In these schools, the children would learn much about Christianity, English language and all the aspects of American culture that were accepted by the government. The successful withdrawal of these children from their families would not only assimilate them into the mainstream American culture, but also put them in the right path of abandoning the aspects of the native culture

Filme review Movie Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Filme - Movie Review Example What impressed me most about the movie is that it has captured the exact economic, social, political and psychological conditions of the victims of the post world war era through showing ladies who stand in queues to get water, ruined buildings, behavior of the society when the lead character accuses the boy of stealing his bicycle etc. The visuals all point to the torn apart post war city and the dialogs of the characters further exemplify the economic situation of that era. This is evidenced when the protagonist, Antonio, tells his wife that he feels â€Å"like a man in chains† (Bicycle Thieves, 1948). This dialog right here is the epitome of the helpless situation of the working class people, that is, although they were ready to work hard for a living, they were constrained by various elements thus entailing in their jobless state and miserable life. However, on the other hand, the movie also portrays the selfless love a wife must possess towards her husband and furthermore illustrates the concepts of familial relationship and sacrifices giving them the most importance. As far as I am concerned, familial relationships are of great prominence and it is this kind of relationships and concepts that I value the most, and since the movie deftly demonstrates this, it appeals the most to me. Therefore, according to me, this was the best film I have seen as compared to other movies shown in this semester. 2) Name some of the special effects, camera techniques and camera composition used in â€Å"Citizen Kane† and how was this evidenced in the film itself? The camera techniques used in the movie â€Å"Citizen Kane† (1941), directed by Orson Wells who also performs in the title role, become evident from the scene presenting Xanadu, Kane’s old age retreat. The protagonist withdraws to this location in his old age as a symbol of his isolation from the society. The audience is first given a long shot view of the old fortress like residence wit h its gates towering over the frame. By providing such a view of his home, the audience receives a sense of Kane’s power through the overbearing view of the gate that separates the home from the rest of the world. Again, in the scene where the animals are shown, the camera pans onto the cage, again giving the viewers a sense of Kane’s power that has enabled him to create his own world, by eschewing the American way of life. Many similar cases can be seen in the movie which exemplifies the deft use of camera and angles. 3) We watched De Sica’s â€Å"Bicycle Thieves† this semester. What was so important about Italian Neorealism and how was this evidenced in the film itself? Italian Neorealism was the first post war cinematic movement that freed filmmaking from the realm of perfect worlds portrayed in the movies, thus its significance cannot be overlooked. Prior to this movement, the Italian films were greatly influenced by Hollywood movies, with which littl e could the people of Italy relate to. However, once this new trend surfaced, it transformed cinematography and boosted it into a new phase that brought to the fore movies reflecting the real life conditions of the working class people from all aspects including economic, psychological, social, moral, political etc. Bicycle Thieves evidences neorealism through the portrayal of non professional actors, natural settings and

Developing Inclusive Education Systems

Developing Inclusive Education Systems What does inclusion mean? Early childhood inclusion makes up values, policies and practices that support the rights of infant and young children and their family no matter their ability. They will take part in a variety of activities and context as full members of families, the community, and the society. (AEC/NAEYC, 2009). This is when students that have special needs are included in normal education. Inclusion is more than a placement in regular classes in school. It is being a part in life and participating using your abilities in day to day activities as a member of the residential district. It is being a part of everyone else and being received and embraced as someone who belongs. It can be a church, school, playground, workplace, and in recreation. (INC., 1995-2009). The three key factors you should look at are access which is providing a big variety of learning opportunities such as activities, settings, and environments which defines high-quality early childhood inclusion. Th e second is participation which is children that need extra individualization accommodations and supports to participate in play and learning activities with adults and their peers. The third is Supports which is a base of systems-level supports must be in place to stand the efforts of people and organizations providing inclusive services to kids and families. (Carolina, 2010). The benefits of inclusive education are they build individual strengths and gifts and they have high but appropriate expectations for each child. They act along the childs individual goals while they take part in the liveliness of the classroom with children their own age. The parents are involved in the childs education and in their activities at school. The school nurtures a culture of respect and belonging. The inclusive education provides them an opportunity to learn about and accept an individual difference, this will diminish the impact of the child being bullied and harassed. They learn to develop frie ndships with a big variety of children, and each child has their own individual needs and abilities. It has a positive influence on both the school and community and they learn to appreciate diversity and inclusion on a bigger level. (BC, 2012-2017). There are more benefits for students with disabilities such as the form friendships, increase their social and behavior skills, Role models for their academics, they increase achievement on their IEP goals, and bigger opportunities for interactions with other children. The benefits of children that dont have a disability is making a meaningful relationship, they have more of an appreciation and they accept children with differences, they have an increased understanding and acceptance of diversity, and they respect all people. http://www.uvm.edu/ There is no research that will show any negative effects from the inclusion that is done right to the support and services for the children to participate and achieve IEP goals. (INC., 1995-2009). The resources that instructors can utilize to see about higher-quality preschool inclusion is https://www2.ed.gov/, Early Learning Inclusion, the policy of Inclusion of Children with Disabilities in Early Childhood Programs and is jointly released by the Department of Education and Health and human Resource. It was released on September 14. 2015 it says that all young kids that have disabilities need access to include high-quality early childhood programs where they offer individualized and appropriate support in satisfying high expectations of the child. The policy statement sets high expectations for high-quality inclusion in the early childhood programs. It shows the legal and research for inclusion, shows the challenges to accept the inclusive practices, it recommends state and local p rograms and providers for inclusive learning opportunities for children, Free resources for state and local programs, and providers and families that have developed to support children with disabilities in the high-quality education programs. Another resource is http://www.nectac.org/ It tells you what to look for in a high-quality education., http://npdci.fpg.unc.edu/ Practices of high-quality inclusion that promote access, Participation, and support. References AEC/NAEYC. (2009). A joint position statement of the DEC? NAEYC. Early Childhood Inclusion, 1-16. BC, I. (2012-2017). Benefits of Inclusive Education. Imclusion BC, 1. Carolina, T. u. (2010). Quality Indicators of Inclusive Early Childhood Programs/ Practices. Chapel hill: NECTAC. INC., K. t. (1995-2009). What is Inclusion. What is Inclusion, 1.

The Collapse of Ronan Point

Introduction The purpose of this paper is to consider the perceived failures associated with the famous collapse of Ronan Point on 16 May, 1968. Following a gas explosion, an entire corner of the 22 storey tower block in East London collapsed, killing 4 people and injuring 17. In order to analyse the failures that occurred, the paper will firstly look at the history of the building, its design and construction, before looking at the collapse itself and the perceived failures that were identified after the event. The building was named after the chairman of the housing committee of the relevant London Borough, Newham, and was one of many tower blocks built during the 1960s in a budget-driven and affordable way to deal with the growing demand for affordable housing in the region (Levy and Salvadori 1992). The very ethos of this affordable housing and the use of cheaper materials and cheaper construction approaches is arguably one of the first and fundamental contributory factors to the disaster (Griffiths et al 1968). Design and Construction The actual design and construction of the building was mooted as far back as the end of World War II, when much of the housing available in the London region was destroyed as a result of the war and there was a rapid demand for a large amount of housing. Other factors such as a lack of skilled labourers, as well as the changing housing policy which enabled multi-stories to be established, created a demand for the design and construction of buildings such as the one in question here. A prefabricated construction technique was used which involved the creation of much of the high-rise building which was then transported to the area for final construction (Cagley, 2003). The actual construction approach that was used here was that of the Larsen-Nielsen system which was composed of factory-built, precast concrete components designed to minimise on-site construction work. Walls, floors and stairways are all precast. â€Å"All units, installed one-story high are load bearing† (ENR, 1968 at p.54). Although this system was tried and tested, the approach was not designed to be used in a building of more than 6 storeys high. However, the building of this tower block was 22 storeys high and there was no recognition, at the construction phase, that this could potentially jeopardise the validity of the construction technique. The basic construction approach involved a precast concrete structure frame, with each floor of the multi-storey building being supported by the load-bearing walls directly beneath each other, floor upon floor (Bignell et al 1977). Collapse The collapse itself happened at 5:45 am in the morning when the tenant of one of the apartments on the 18th floor lit a match, unbeknownst that there had been a gas leak overnight. By lighting the match, an explosion took place and this ended up damaging the load-bearing wall which was present on the 18th floor and was acting as the only support for the corner of the 19th floor. When the corner of the 19th floor collapsed, this had the effect of the 20th floor collapsing. Once the floors above had already collapsed the pressure on the floors became unbearable and the domino effect continued downward, destroying the entire corner of the building (Delatte, 2009). The way in which the collapse took place meant that, essentially, it destroyed a portion of the living room all the way down the building, but left the bedrooms intact in most cases, with the exception of floors 17 to 22 the room which were in the immediate vicinity of the explosion. It was on these floors that all of the fata lities happened and due to the fact that the explosion had taken place early in the morning, the majority of the individuals who were in their bedrooms were unaffected (Delatte, 2009). Perceived Failures When looking at the perceived failures and causes of failure, it can be seen that the analysis is largely split into two distinct areas: first, considering the immediate cause of failure; the second looking at the fundamental flaws in the design and construction of the building that allowed such a dramatic reaction to the immediate event (Griffiths et al 1968). The actual investigation into the event which took place involved a government panel which was formed in order to look at the causes of failure and to consider whether or not there were other buildings which potentially could suffer from a similar eventuality, in the future. As stated previously, the construction approach taken for Ronan Point was replicated in many other buildings, with eight other exact replicas in occupation. Therefore, establishing the reason for the collapse is crucially important (Pearson and Delatte, 2003) One of the key factors that took contributed in the immediate event itself was found to be a substandard connection used in order to connect the gas stove in the relevant apartment. Whilst this meant that the gas leak had presented itself in a way that would not have been likely, had they used a different connection, as well as having the incorrect connection, it was found that over tightening had occurred during installation. This probably weakened the connection and allowed gas to leak out. Despite this, the evidence gathered suggested that the explosion itself was not substantial, as there was no permanent damage to the hearing of the individual in the apartment. This suggests that relatively little pressure was involved, although there was sufficient pressure to move the external walls of the building and to create a progressive collapse within the building (Levy and Salvadori, 1992). Broadly speaking, the progressive collapse is thought to have occurred due to the fact that there was a lack of alternate load paths available and there was no support for the structural frame available on the higher floors (Wearne, 2000). This meant that when there was an explosion on level 18, this took out the only support so that the floors above level 18 failed and this placed excessive pressure on the lower floors, until it ultimately collapse to ground level. Perceived failures, can be split into two distinct categories, the first being the cause of the explosion itself; the second looking at the repercussions of the explosion, which were extensive, given the magnitude of the explosion, which was relatively low. Procedure and Project Management Unsurprisingly, as a result of the collapse here, building codes, guidelines and regulations were advised not only in the United Kingdom, but across the globe. The building regulations, changed in 1970, state that any building with more than four storeys needs to have a design structure in place that would resist a progressive collapse of this nature (Pearson and Delatte, 2005, pp. 175). Apart from the construction mechanisms themselves, there were also concerns that failures had occurred in the project management, as well as failures to check procedures. The gaps between the floors and in the walls meant that the building had not been established in a way that was part of the original design and planning. In addition to the actual failure in the design of the property, concerns were also raised in the report in relation to the need for quality control of the construction processes taking place. For example, it was proven that during the construction, certain design factors had been ignored, with unfilled gaps between the floors and walls, throughout the premises, which meant that the building had little in the way of separation between the flats. Furthermore, in high rise buildings of this type, a relatively narrow staircase is acceptable, as there is thought to be enough fire protection between the floors. In the absence of this fire protection, narrow staircases w ould be unacceptable, in the event of a fire or explosion of this nature. Key Failures The analysis above indicates that there are several failures which together created the dramatic collapse at Ronan Point. These are: social pressures on the construction company to establish a large amount of housing accommodation, rapidly and cheaply; the use of constructions not aimed at high storey buildings of this nature; failures to put in place methods whereby there was no secondary support structure in place, in the event of a failure with any of the load-bearing walls; failures with the processes being followed, which resulted in the wrong processes being followed in the connection of the gas pipes, as well as other omissions during the construction process, with the failure to follow the design provided. It can be seen, that the project management would have, at least in part, dealt with many of these failures and would have either prevented the explosion, in the first place, or would have seriously reduced the impact of the explosion, once it did take place. The crucial factor in this analysis is that the explosion itself was relatively minor, yet the repercussions were large and it is this chain of events that requires attention when it comes to better project management, in the future. Recommendations for Better Project Management Certain failures took place at the design phase, when the design construction of the premises was selected, yet was not entirely suitable for a 22 storey building. This was arguably the first and crucial failure which could have been avoided with further research into the limitations of this design. However, the main focus of the recommendations presented here is in relation to the project management process, from the point at which the design was presented for the construction, to the point at which the building was completed (Pearson and Delatte, 2005). At the outset, when the project team came together, there was an opportunity to run scenarios and to check the validity of the chosen construction, given the design that were being presented and the need to establish a 22 storey building. By running these types of scenarios, it is likely that it would become apparent that the chosen construction design was simply inappropriate. Even without this element of the project management being undertaken and risk assessments being carried out, the next stage of the project management should have involved a strong quality control check for every aspect of the work. The fundamental design of the building was proven to be flawed; however, there were also errors during the actual construction phase, for example the use of the wrong connections when it came to the gas pipes installed. Although this, in itself, did not lead to the catastrophic collapse of part of the building, it did create a minor gas explosion which started the chain of events. Quality control processes at every phase of construction and fitting would have potentially prevented the chain of events from emerging, in the first place (Shepherd and Frost, 1995). Next Steps and Conclusions Bearing this in mind, there are several proposed changes and next steps which could be taken to prevent a similar failure happening in the future. Firstly, although the design used was accepted during this era, it was known that it would simply not be appropriate for the type of building which was being planned. This should have been noted, at the outset, with additional safety structures then planed so as to prevent this type of progressive collapse from taking place. Secondly, worst-case scenarios should be run, at the outset, to enable the project managers to ascertain whether any weaknesses existed. Moreover, although the rest of collapse in this case resulted in the building being destroyed, it was also not able to withstand strong winds and this also, ultimately, could have resulted in the building becoming uninhabitable. By running scenarios, such as high winds or explosion, these issues would have been highlighted and changes in the design could have been incorporated, from the outset (Pearson and Delatte 2003). Finally, quality control during the construction process was also not suitable. This should have been done with much greater consistency, to ensure that the smaller processes, such as the fitting of connections, was carried out to an appropriate standard, thus preventing the minor incident that ultimately led to the overall disaster. By following these clear project management approaches and ensuring that an individual was put in place, in order to manage quality and control, as well as any variables in this area, the collapse of the building could have been avoided, or at least the cause of the collapse mitigated against, so as not to cause loss of life and injury. References Bignell, V., Peters, J., and Pym, C. (1977). Catastrophic failures. Open University Press, Milton Keynes, New York. Cagley, J. R. (2003, April). The design professional’s concerns regarding progressive collapse design. Building Sciences, 27, 4-6. Delatte, N. J. (2009). Beyond failure: Forensic case studies for civil engineers. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), Reston, Virginia, 97-106. Engineering News Record (ENR). (1968). â€Å"Systems built apartment collapse.† ENR, May 23, 1968, 54. Griffiths, H., Pugsley, A. G., and Saunders, O. (1968). Report of the inquiry into the collapse of flats at Ronan Point, Canning Town. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London. Levy, M., and Salvadori, M. (1992). Why buildings fall down: How structures fail. W.W. Norton, New York, 76-83. Pearson, C., and Delatte, N. (2003). Lessons from the Progressive Collapse of the Ronan Point Apartment Tower. In Forensic Engineering, Proceedings of the Third Congress, edited by Paul A. Bosela, Norbert J. Dellate, and Kevin L. Rens, ASCE, Reston, VA., pp. 190-200. Pearson, C.,and Delatte, N. J. (2005) Ronan Point Apartment Tower Collapse and Its Effect on Building Codes. J. Perf. of Constr. Fac., 19(2), 172-177. Shepherd, R., and Frost, J. D. (1995). Failures in Civil Engineering: Structural, Foundation, and Geoenvironmental Case Studies, ASCE, New York. Wearne, P. (2000). Collapse: When Buildings Fall Down, TV Books, L.L.C., New York, 137-156.

Marriage and Family Therapy Essay

Marriage and Family Therapy Abstract The purpose of this paper is to examine the field of marriage and family counseling beginning with the history and development of the profession and its importance in the field of counseling. This paper will also evaluate five major themes relevant to Marriage and Family Therapy which include: roles of Marriage and Family Therapists; licensure requirements and examinations; methods of supervision; client advocacy; multiculturalism and diversity. The author will discuss significant aspects to the field of Marriage and Family Therapy such as MFT identity, function, and ethics of the profession. This paper will assess biblical values in relation to Marriage and Family Therapists and to the field itself. In conclusion, the author will provide reflections on Marriage and Family Therapy and the personal commitment to provide counseling that is ethical, biblically grounded, and empirically based. Marriage and Family Therapy This paper is an examination of the history and development of the field of Marriage and Family Therapy. Education, licensure requirements, methods of supervision, client advocacy, and cultural sensitivity are the focus of the evaluation with specific attention given to counselor identity, function, and ethics. History and Development The field of Marriage and Family Therapy is an emerging profession with roots dating back to the late 1940’s. In 2009 licensure for Marriage and Family Therapists was attained for all 50 states and the District of Columbia but this dream began in 1949 when the American Association of Marriage and Family Therapists (originally called the American Association of Marriage Counselors) joined forces with the National Council on Family Relations to form a committee to create the standards that would one day regulate the practice of marriage and family counseling (Northey, 2009). Marriage and family counseling was once thought of as a subset of other helping professions but now Marriage and Family Therapy is one of the major mental health professions in the United States with over 50,000 licensed therapists (Northey, 2009). The profession has its own accrediting body, COAMFTE, for accrediting graduate and doctorate programs in Marriage and Family Therapy. To further strengthen the profession, 128 core competencies have been identified with six primary domains and five subdomains (Miller, 2010). The six domains include: admission to treatment; clinical assessment and diagnosis; treatment planning and case management; therapeutic intervention; legal issues, ethics, and standards; and research and program evaluation. The subdomains relate to types of skills and are comprised of: conceptual, perceptual, executive, evaluative, and professional (Miller, 2010). According to the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy website, a marriage and family therapist is a highly trained professional working in the mental health field that brings a family-oriented perspective to health care (http://www. aamft. org). In order to help families and married partners accomplish this, marriage and family therapists assess what kinds of emotional and mental disorders, behavioral and health problems, and relationship issues are encountered and then a treatment plan is devised. Treatment of the problems that families and couples face often results in greater understanding as well as more effective communication between members and couples which can ultimately aid in the prevention of crises for the individual and family. A main aspect of marriage and family therapy is the focus on the here and now and what can be done to remedy these current situations.

Comparing The, Hamlet, And John F. Kennedy s Secret Society

Essay Outline Topic: Similarities in Agamemnon, Hamlet, and John F. Kennedy’s Secret Society. Thesis Statement: While the major texts of Agamemnon, Hamlet, and John F. Kennedy’s Secret Society Speech were written and performed at different eras and serve different purposes, they possess the common element of peripeteia since each main character in these texts become vulnerable as their inherently good fortune reverses. Mapping Scheme (Your main points): †¢ The play of Agamemnon and its instance(s) of peripeteia †¢ The play of Hamlet and its instance(s) of peripeteia †¢ The Secret Society speech and its instance(s) of peripeteia ________________________________________ First Point Claim (Your argument for this paragraph): The play of†¦show more content†¦How does this argument help to prove your thesis?): Agamemnon’s fleet of ships could not leave from the ports of Aulis because of insufficient winds or hostile winds directed towards them. He needed to sacrifice his daughter, Iphigenia, to appease the god of Artemis, who has prevented them from leaving the harbor. After doing so, Artemis stops the hostile winds, and the fleet reaches Troy and successfully conquers it. Agamemnon is victorious and praised by the people of his empire; he is currently in good fortune. However, his luck goes spoiled upon his return to the palace, where his wife, Clytemnestra, deceitfully tricks him, showing fake love and affection, and then kills him and his war trophy, Cassandra, as an act of revenge for the sacrifice of their daughter. Like the other two texts, the play of Agamemnon includes a character who was of higher standing and inherently good fortune but faces a plot reversal, which leads to suffering and death. ________________________________________ Second Point Claim (Your argument for this paragraph): The play of Hamlet possesses the element of peripeteia as the tragic hero of this play, Hamlet, is accompanied by peripeteia throughout the course of the story, as his fight against his uncle slowly degrades his good fate and leads to his death. Evidence (Your sources, quotations, et cetera.): †¢ Hamlet is in good fortune: He starts the play â€Å"TheShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesand permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturersRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pages. Organization Theory Challenges and Perspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of workRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesbuilt-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul SingaporeRead MoreInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 Pagesbusiness and the increasing importance of corporate social responsibility and sustainability in global management. We have incorporated the latest research on the increasing pressure for MNCs to adopt more â€Å"green† management practices, including Chapter 3’s opening World of International Management which includes discussion of GE’s â€Å"ecomagination† initiative and a boxed feature in that chapter on the BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. We have updated discussion of and provided additional emphasis on the