The Collapse of Ronan Point

Introduction The purpose of this paper is to consider the perceived failures associated with the famous collapse of Ronan Point on 16 May, 1968. Following a gas explosion, an entire corner of the 22 storey tower block in East London collapsed, killing 4 people and injuring 17. In order to analyse the failures that occurred, the paper will firstly look at the history of the building, its design and construction, before looking at the collapse itself and the perceived failures that were identified after the event. The building was named after the chairman of the housing committee of the relevant London Borough, Newham, and was one of many tower blocks built during the 1960s in a budget-driven and affordable way to deal with the growing demand for affordable housing in the region (Levy and Salvadori 1992). The very ethos of this affordable housing and the use of cheaper materials and cheaper construction approaches is arguably one of the first and fundamental contributory factors to the disaster (Griffiths et al 1968). Design and Construction The actual design and construction of the building was mooted as far back as the end of World War II, when much of the housing available in the London region was destroyed as a result of the war and there was a rapid demand for a large amount of housing. Other factors such as a lack of skilled labourers, as well as the changing housing policy which enabled multi-stories to be established, created a demand for the design and construction of buildings such as the one in question here. A prefabricated construction technique was used which involved the creation of much of the high-rise building which was then transported to the area for final construction (Cagley, 2003). The actual construction approach that was used here was that of the Larsen-Nielsen system which was composed of factory-built, precast concrete components designed to minimise on-site construction work. Walls, floors and stairways are all precast. â€Å"All units, installed one-story high are load bearing† (ENR, 1968 at p.54). Although this system was tried and tested, the approach was not designed to be used in a building of more than 6 storeys high. However, the building of this tower block was 22 storeys high and there was no recognition, at the construction phase, that this could potentially jeopardise the validity of the construction technique. The basic construction approach involved a precast concrete structure frame, with each floor of the multi-storey building being supported by the load-bearing walls directly beneath each other, floor upon floor (Bignell et al 1977). Collapse The collapse itself happened at 5:45 am in the morning when the tenant of one of the apartments on the 18th floor lit a match, unbeknownst that there had been a gas leak overnight. By lighting the match, an explosion took place and this ended up damaging the load-bearing wall which was present on the 18th floor and was acting as the only support for the corner of the 19th floor. When the corner of the 19th floor collapsed, this had the effect of the 20th floor collapsing. Once the floors above had already collapsed the pressure on the floors became unbearable and the domino effect continued downward, destroying the entire corner of the building (Delatte, 2009). The way in which the collapse took place meant that, essentially, it destroyed a portion of the living room all the way down the building, but left the bedrooms intact in most cases, with the exception of floors 17 to 22 the room which were in the immediate vicinity of the explosion. It was on these floors that all of the fata lities happened and due to the fact that the explosion had taken place early in the morning, the majority of the individuals who were in their bedrooms were unaffected (Delatte, 2009). Perceived Failures When looking at the perceived failures and causes of failure, it can be seen that the analysis is largely split into two distinct areas: first, considering the immediate cause of failure; the second looking at the fundamental flaws in the design and construction of the building that allowed such a dramatic reaction to the immediate event (Griffiths et al 1968). The actual investigation into the event which took place involved a government panel which was formed in order to look at the causes of failure and to consider whether or not there were other buildings which potentially could suffer from a similar eventuality, in the future. As stated previously, the construction approach taken for Ronan Point was replicated in many other buildings, with eight other exact replicas in occupation. Therefore, establishing the reason for the collapse is crucially important (Pearson and Delatte, 2003) One of the key factors that took contributed in the immediate event itself was found to be a substandard connection used in order to connect the gas stove in the relevant apartment. Whilst this meant that the gas leak had presented itself in a way that would not have been likely, had they used a different connection, as well as having the incorrect connection, it was found that over tightening had occurred during installation. This probably weakened the connection and allowed gas to leak out. Despite this, the evidence gathered suggested that the explosion itself was not substantial, as there was no permanent damage to the hearing of the individual in the apartment. This suggests that relatively little pressure was involved, although there was sufficient pressure to move the external walls of the building and to create a progressive collapse within the building (Levy and Salvadori, 1992). Broadly speaking, the progressive collapse is thought to have occurred due to the fact that there was a lack of alternate load paths available and there was no support for the structural frame available on the higher floors (Wearne, 2000). This meant that when there was an explosion on level 18, this took out the only support so that the floors above level 18 failed and this placed excessive pressure on the lower floors, until it ultimately collapse to ground level. Perceived failures, can be split into two distinct categories, the first being the cause of the explosion itself; the second looking at the repercussions of the explosion, which were extensive, given the magnitude of the explosion, which was relatively low. Procedure and Project Management Unsurprisingly, as a result of the collapse here, building codes, guidelines and regulations were advised not only in the United Kingdom, but across the globe. The building regulations, changed in 1970, state that any building with more than four storeys needs to have a design structure in place that would resist a progressive collapse of this nature (Pearson and Delatte, 2005, pp. 175). Apart from the construction mechanisms themselves, there were also concerns that failures had occurred in the project management, as well as failures to check procedures. The gaps between the floors and in the walls meant that the building had not been established in a way that was part of the original design and planning. In addition to the actual failure in the design of the property, concerns were also raised in the report in relation to the need for quality control of the construction processes taking place. For example, it was proven that during the construction, certain design factors had been ignored, with unfilled gaps between the floors and walls, throughout the premises, which meant that the building had little in the way of separation between the flats. Furthermore, in high rise buildings of this type, a relatively narrow staircase is acceptable, as there is thought to be enough fire protection between the floors. In the absence of this fire protection, narrow staircases w ould be unacceptable, in the event of a fire or explosion of this nature. Key Failures The analysis above indicates that there are several failures which together created the dramatic collapse at Ronan Point. These are: social pressures on the construction company to establish a large amount of housing accommodation, rapidly and cheaply; the use of constructions not aimed at high storey buildings of this nature; failures to put in place methods whereby there was no secondary support structure in place, in the event of a failure with any of the load-bearing walls; failures with the processes being followed, which resulted in the wrong processes being followed in the connection of the gas pipes, as well as other omissions during the construction process, with the failure to follow the design provided. It can be seen, that the project management would have, at least in part, dealt with many of these failures and would have either prevented the explosion, in the first place, or would have seriously reduced the impact of the explosion, once it did take place. The crucial factor in this analysis is that the explosion itself was relatively minor, yet the repercussions were large and it is this chain of events that requires attention when it comes to better project management, in the future. Recommendations for Better Project Management Certain failures took place at the design phase, when the design construction of the premises was selected, yet was not entirely suitable for a 22 storey building. This was arguably the first and crucial failure which could have been avoided with further research into the limitations of this design. However, the main focus of the recommendations presented here is in relation to the project management process, from the point at which the design was presented for the construction, to the point at which the building was completed (Pearson and Delatte, 2005). At the outset, when the project team came together, there was an opportunity to run scenarios and to check the validity of the chosen construction, given the design that were being presented and the need to establish a 22 storey building. By running these types of scenarios, it is likely that it would become apparent that the chosen construction design was simply inappropriate. Even without this element of the project management being undertaken and risk assessments being carried out, the next stage of the project management should have involved a strong quality control check for every aspect of the work. The fundamental design of the building was proven to be flawed; however, there were also errors during the actual construction phase, for example the use of the wrong connections when it came to the gas pipes installed. Although this, in itself, did not lead to the catastrophic collapse of part of the building, it did create a minor gas explosion which started the chain of events. Quality control processes at every phase of construction and fitting would have potentially prevented the chain of events from emerging, in the first place (Shepherd and Frost, 1995). Next Steps and Conclusions Bearing this in mind, there are several proposed changes and next steps which could be taken to prevent a similar failure happening in the future. Firstly, although the design used was accepted during this era, it was known that it would simply not be appropriate for the type of building which was being planned. This should have been noted, at the outset, with additional safety structures then planed so as to prevent this type of progressive collapse from taking place. Secondly, worst-case scenarios should be run, at the outset, to enable the project managers to ascertain whether any weaknesses existed. Moreover, although the rest of collapse in this case resulted in the building being destroyed, it was also not able to withstand strong winds and this also, ultimately, could have resulted in the building becoming uninhabitable. By running scenarios, such as high winds or explosion, these issues would have been highlighted and changes in the design could have been incorporated, from the outset (Pearson and Delatte 2003). Finally, quality control during the construction process was also not suitable. This should have been done with much greater consistency, to ensure that the smaller processes, such as the fitting of connections, was carried out to an appropriate standard, thus preventing the minor incident that ultimately led to the overall disaster. By following these clear project management approaches and ensuring that an individual was put in place, in order to manage quality and control, as well as any variables in this area, the collapse of the building could have been avoided, or at least the cause of the collapse mitigated against, so as not to cause loss of life and injury. References Bignell, V., Peters, J., and Pym, C. (1977). Catastrophic failures. Open University Press, Milton Keynes, New York. Cagley, J. R. (2003, April). The design professional’s concerns regarding progressive collapse design. Building Sciences, 27, 4-6. Delatte, N. J. (2009). Beyond failure: Forensic case studies for civil engineers. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), Reston, Virginia, 97-106. Engineering News Record (ENR). (1968). â€Å"Systems built apartment collapse.† ENR, May 23, 1968, 54. Griffiths, H., Pugsley, A. G., and Saunders, O. (1968). Report of the inquiry into the collapse of flats at Ronan Point, Canning Town. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London. Levy, M., and Salvadori, M. (1992). Why buildings fall down: How structures fail. W.W. Norton, New York, 76-83. Pearson, C., and Delatte, N. (2003). Lessons from the Progressive Collapse of the Ronan Point Apartment Tower. In Forensic Engineering, Proceedings of the Third Congress, edited by Paul A. Bosela, Norbert J. Dellate, and Kevin L. Rens, ASCE, Reston, VA., pp. 190-200. Pearson, C.,and Delatte, N. J. (2005) Ronan Point Apartment Tower Collapse and Its Effect on Building Codes. J. Perf. of Constr. Fac., 19(2), 172-177. Shepherd, R., and Frost, J. D. (1995). Failures in Civil Engineering: Structural, Foundation, and Geoenvironmental Case Studies, ASCE, New York. Wearne, P. (2000). Collapse: When Buildings Fall Down, TV Books, L.L.C., New York, 137-156.

Marriage and Family Therapy Essay

Marriage and Family Therapy Abstract The purpose of this paper is to examine the field of marriage and family counseling beginning with the history and development of the profession and its importance in the field of counseling. This paper will also evaluate five major themes relevant to Marriage and Family Therapy which include: roles of Marriage and Family Therapists; licensure requirements and examinations; methods of supervision; client advocacy; multiculturalism and diversity. The author will discuss significant aspects to the field of Marriage and Family Therapy such as MFT identity, function, and ethics of the profession. This paper will assess biblical values in relation to Marriage and Family Therapists and to the field itself. In conclusion, the author will provide reflections on Marriage and Family Therapy and the personal commitment to provide counseling that is ethical, biblically grounded, and empirically based. Marriage and Family Therapy This paper is an examination of the history and development of the field of Marriage and Family Therapy. Education, licensure requirements, methods of supervision, client advocacy, and cultural sensitivity are the focus of the evaluation with specific attention given to counselor identity, function, and ethics. History and Development The field of Marriage and Family Therapy is an emerging profession with roots dating back to the late 1940’s. In 2009 licensure for Marriage and Family Therapists was attained for all 50 states and the District of Columbia but this dream began in 1949 when the American Association of Marriage and Family Therapists (originally called the American Association of Marriage Counselors) joined forces with the National Council on Family Relations to form a committee to create the standards that would one day regulate the practice of marriage and family counseling (Northey, 2009). Marriage and family counseling was once thought of as a subset of other helping professions but now Marriage and Family Therapy is one of the major mental health professions in the United States with over 50,000 licensed therapists (Northey, 2009). The profession has its own accrediting body, COAMFTE, for accrediting graduate and doctorate programs in Marriage and Family Therapy. To further strengthen the profession, 128 core competencies have been identified with six primary domains and five subdomains (Miller, 2010). The six domains include: admission to treatment; clinical assessment and diagnosis; treatment planning and case management; therapeutic intervention; legal issues, ethics, and standards; and research and program evaluation. The subdomains relate to types of skills and are comprised of: conceptual, perceptual, executive, evaluative, and professional (Miller, 2010). According to the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy website, a marriage and family therapist is a highly trained professional working in the mental health field that brings a family-oriented perspective to health care (http://www. aamft. org). In order to help families and married partners accomplish this, marriage and family therapists assess what kinds of emotional and mental disorders, behavioral and health problems, and relationship issues are encountered and then a treatment plan is devised. Treatment of the problems that families and couples face often results in greater understanding as well as more effective communication between members and couples which can ultimately aid in the prevention of crises for the individual and family. A main aspect of marriage and family therapy is the focus on the here and now and what can be done to remedy these current situations.

Comparing The, Hamlet, And John F. Kennedy s Secret Society

Essay Outline Topic: Similarities in Agamemnon, Hamlet, and John F. Kennedy’s Secret Society. Thesis Statement: While the major texts of Agamemnon, Hamlet, and John F. Kennedy’s Secret Society Speech were written and performed at different eras and serve different purposes, they possess the common element of peripeteia since each main character in these texts become vulnerable as their inherently good fortune reverses. Mapping Scheme (Your main points): †¢ The play of Agamemnon and its instance(s) of peripeteia †¢ The play of Hamlet and its instance(s) of peripeteia †¢ The Secret Society speech and its instance(s) of peripeteia ________________________________________ First Point Claim (Your argument for this paragraph): The play of†¦show more content†¦How does this argument help to prove your thesis?): Agamemnon’s fleet of ships could not leave from the ports of Aulis because of insufficient winds or hostile winds directed towards them. He needed to sacrifice his daughter, Iphigenia, to appease the god of Artemis, who has prevented them from leaving the harbor. After doing so, Artemis stops the hostile winds, and the fleet reaches Troy and successfully conquers it. Agamemnon is victorious and praised by the people of his empire; he is currently in good fortune. However, his luck goes spoiled upon his return to the palace, where his wife, Clytemnestra, deceitfully tricks him, showing fake love and affection, and then kills him and his war trophy, Cassandra, as an act of revenge for the sacrifice of their daughter. Like the other two texts, the play of Agamemnon includes a character who was of higher standing and inherently good fortune but faces a plot reversal, which leads to suffering and death. ________________________________________ Second Point Claim (Your argument for this paragraph): The play of Hamlet possesses the element of peripeteia as the tragic hero of this play, Hamlet, is accompanied by peripeteia throughout the course of the story, as his fight against his uncle slowly degrades his good fate and leads to his death. Evidence (Your sources, quotations, et cetera.): †¢ Hamlet is in good fortune: He starts the play â€Å"TheShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesand permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturersRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pages. Organization Theory Challenges and Perspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of workRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesbuilt-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul SingaporeRead MoreInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 Pagesbusiness and the increasing importance of corporate social responsibility and sustainability in global management. We have incorporated the latest research on the increasing pressure for MNCs to adopt more â€Å"green† management practices, including Chapter 3’s opening World of International Management which includes discussion of GE’s â€Å"ecomagination† initiative and a boxed feature in that chapter on the BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. We have updated discussion of and provided additional emphasis on the

Ut College Essay Topics Reviews & Guide

Ut College Essay Topics Reviews & Guide Ut College Essay Topics - What Is It? Quality information regarding the topic is just one of the greatest approaches to draw attention to your writing. So you don't actually wish to get a topic! Gardening is a great avocation. Gardening gives me immense pleasure along with fitness of my well-being. Let's say you feel that Mexican-American relations need to be improved. Colleges are interested in a feeling of maturity and introspectionpinpoint the transformation and demonstrate your private growth. Selecting a college major can be a big pain in the neck, particularly for working adults trying to redirect their careers. The Principles of Ut College Essay Topics That You Can Learn From Starting Right Away There's no one best approach to compose the college entrance essay. At precisely the same time, it's a wonderful persuasive essay idea. It's also advisable to have something to say regarding the topic, whatever it might be. 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Privacy Practices Have Changed Over Time Essay - 750 Words

Privacy practices have changed over time. Lewis Maltby is president of the National Workrights Institute (formerly the ACLU’s national employment rights project). He has been consulted by the sponsors of every major congressional privacy bill since 1990 and has testified before Congress numerous times (Maltby, L. 2016). He feels that the battle of workplace privacy is over and he feels that privacy is lost and it is no longer in the workplace. Maltby states that Since 1990, three attempts have been made to enact federal privacy legislation. The first was the proposed Privacy for Consumers and Workers Act (PCWA). PCWA would have required employers to fully disclose all monitoring programs to employees and provide the employee and the customer immediate notice when a specific telephone call was being monitored. PCWA was passed by the House Labor Committee but was not brought up for a vote. 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Eli Whitney Essay Research Paper Eli WhitneyThe free essay sample

Eli Whitney Essay, Research Paper Eli Whitney The Gin. The Guns. The Legend. By Mike Klage Awards English 11 Mrs. Wiehe Eli? s Early Life Eli Whitney was born in Westborough, Massachusetts, on December 8, 1765, to Eli Sr. and Elizabeth Whitney. ( Whitney ) At the age of 12, Elizabeth dies, go forthing behind Eli and 2 other kids. This combined with holding a stepmother within two old ages of his female parent? s decease greatly effected Eli? s childhood. During the Revolutionary War, Eli started his first occupation. He decided to do nails, due to their demand at the clip. ( Eberius ) This was merely a mark of what was to come in his life. Eli had strong impulses to go to Yale, despite the fact he was non traveling into the professions or divinity or jurisprudence, which the bulk of Yale attendants did at that clip. To pay his manner through Yale, he taught to the side. He struggled those old ages with money, but at the age of 27, Whitney did alumnus. ( He can? ) After graduating, Eli was offered a learning place in South Carolina. On his trip, his ship wrecked, he got smallpox, and he ended up at the plantation of Catherine Greene. This was where it all began. ( Eberius ) The Cotton Gin Up to this point, the lone major hard currency harvests of the South were baccy, rice, and indigo. Equally far as cotton goes, coastal islands grew long staple cotton, and made a nice net income off of it, but the long staple assortment does non turn in the bulk of the South. Short staple cotton was grown, but non in big parts due to its boring cleansing procedure. For every four lbs of cotton works picked, merely one lb would really be cotton fibre, the remainder being seeds. ( Bachman ) This made cotton virtually unpointed to turn from a fiscal position. After being informed about the job, Eli started working on a machine to repair this. It merely took Whitney six months to hold a on the job paradigm. This paradigm cleaned the short basic cotton ten times faster, and did a more thorough occupation of making it, that cleansing by manus. ( Schapsmeier ) Finally, turning cotton had a possibility of being a profitable industry. To get down doing money on his innovation, Whitney applied for a patent, and started the company of Miller and Whitney. ? Miller? was Phineas Miller, the director of the Greene Plantation. The trade was that Whitney would travel back north to New Haven, Connecticut, to get down a mill to do the gins, while Miller stayed in the south to market and put in the gins. ( He can? ) Miller and Whitney had several jobs from the beginning, both in the North and in the South. First, the mill in New Haven burnt down, destructing 20 complete gins and the machinery to do more. In the south, people began to pirate Whitney? s thought when crop clip came about and the gins were non available yet. Once they were available, they became harder to sell, because Miller got caught in a land guess trade, which hurt his ( and likewise the company? s ) repute. There were besides jobs with the provinces acknowledging Whitney? s patent on the gin. Throughout its being, Miller and Whitney struggled with debt and bankruptcy, and finally went under, even though the company? s merely merchandise was one of the greatest innovations of the clip. When all was said and done, Miller and Whitney merely took in about 90,000 dollars, most of which was used to cover tribunal costs and supplies. ( He can? ) This little amount was despite the fact that cotton production in the South jumped from 1 38,000 lbs in 1792, one twelvemonth before the cotton gin, to 17,000,000 lbs in 1800, merely eight old ages subsequently. ( Bachman ) Whitney likely merely earned several thousand dollars for contriving the cotton gin, so the chief thing Eli Whitney gained from the cotton gin was pride, and doing his name known, which will assist him in future old ages. ( Schapsmeier ) Interchangeable Partss After early successes contriving, but major failures when it comes to money ensuing from innovations, Eli started looking for an innovation which would convey in more money. He turned to the United States authorities. Up until this point, guns had to be made one at a clip, by an adept craftsmen. This procedure was long and boring. It required doing each gun one piece at a clip, from stock to barrel. This procedure was so slow, that in three old ages, the federal armory had turned out merely one 1000 guns. ( Eberius ) This was where Whitney came in. He proposed a extremist new thought to mass green goods guns. It was called interchangeable parts. This meant that he would utilize machines to do multiple transcripts of each piece of a gun, all so closely the same that they would all suit together in any combination with any other parts. This served many intents, and solved many jobs at one time. One major job solved was that when a gun was broken in the field, it didn? Ts have to be sent back to a gunsmith to be fixed. The gun could be fixed in no clip at all because they would merely take an excess portion that was already made to suit. This saved clip, and allowed guns to be functional a higher per centum of the clip. Following, it allowed the guns to be made by people other than gunsmiths. The interchangeable parts method divided bring forthing a gun into around one hundred little simple stairss. These stairss could be done by anyone, non merely a gunsmith. This manner, people who were non skille d gunsmiths could do guns that were in fact superior to guns made by maestro craftsmen who had been doing guns for their whole life. ( Bachman ) The biggest ground interchangeable parts were necessary was velocity. After merely one 1000 guns made in the last three old ages, Eli Whitney proposed to do 10 thousand guns in merely 28 months. This is why people about laughed at Whitney for his self-praises. Peoples did non believe guns could be made to such tight tolerances as to be wholly interchangeable, non to advert in that short of a clip frame. Because of Eli Whitney? s repute as being able to make the impossible, and the U.S. authoritiess extreme demand of pieces, they decided to give him a opportunity. ( He can? ) The authorities offered to pay him 134,000 dollars to make full this order. Before Whitney could even get down doing the guns, though, he foremost had to contrive the machines to that would do the guns. Therefore, within the overall innovation of interchangeable parts, he made many other clever innovations to do the interchangeable parts system work. One of the major 1s was the milling machine. This was fundamentally was a round proverb blade that could cut metal to much greater truth than was antecedently able. It took him about a twelvemonth to acquire the machines created, up, and running, and he merely produced five 100 rifles alternatively of four 1000. ( Whitney ) They authorities became disbelieving, but they left their trust in him and kept back uping him, despite these early battles. When all was said and done, it took him eight old ages to do all ten thousand rifles, which wasn? t what he had promised, but still well faster than others before him had been able to do them. Towards the terminal of the eight old ages, production truly sped up. Then in 1811 he received an order for 15 thousand more rifles, which he turned out in merely two old ages. ( He can? ) This proven Whitney had succeeded and that interchangeable, mass produced merchandises were non merely possible, but far superior to currents methods of fabrication. The Later Old ages Eli loved inventing and his work so much, he forgot approximately matrimony until he was 52 old ages old, which was an old adult male in those yearss. On January 6, 1817, Henrietta Edwards became Henrietta Whitney. Whitney ended up holding four kids, dwelling of two male childs and two misss, one of which died at 21 months. ( Eberius ) After merely five old ages of matrimony, Whitney? s wellness started to worsen, due to an hypertrophied prostate secretory organ. Even in his hurting and agony, Whitney was imaginative. After reading everything he could about the prostate and his unwellness, Whitney sent off for supplies from Europe. Eli used these to invent instruments of alleviation for himself, including a catheter, which reduced his agony greatly. ( Eberius ) After three old ages of illness, Whitney? s organic structure eventually gave in. He passed off on January 8, 1825, merely eight old ages after his matrimony. ( Encarta ) Eli? s Effect on Modern Manufacturing The industrial revolution in America started chiefly because of Eli Whitney. It was his thoughts that invented mass production, interchangeable portion, and that laid the seeds for assembly lines. Henry Ford is credited with the assembly line, but he fundamentally merely added a conveyer belt to Whitney? s interchangeable parts thoughts. Try to conceive of how much a auto would be if every one was built by manus by one individual. Ever heard of Rolls Royce? There? s your reply. Merely believe how much your auto would be to repair if every clip something went incorrect with it, you had to hold a new portion built by manus to specially suit your auto. Alternatively, they order a portion that is indistinguishable to the old one, and to the 1 on every other auto like yours. Modern milling equipment all stemmed from Whitney? s original Millers made to mass bring forth his guns. Even the cotton gin is the same in rule today as Whitney? s original versions, merely with excess bells and whis tlings, and now they run on electricity. You will be hard pressed to happen one point in a shop that International Relations and Security Network? t mass produced, or one that uses interchangeable parts. Everything from confect bars to apparels are now mass produced, and every auto, machine, and electronic device is made from interchangeable parts. All of these are the consequence of Eli Whitney? s original thoughts to mass green goods guns with interchangeable parts. Effectss on North and South in Civil War The South received the cotton gin from Whitney. This led to cotton production skyrocketing, side by side with bondage. This graph demonstrates With this big addition in bondage, it increased the spread between the North and the South. Therefore, the cotton gin led in big portion to the sezession of the South, which had far making effects. ( Eberius ) Equally far as the North goes, the new moving ridge of fabricating utilizing interchangeable parts, started by Eli Whitney, caused the North to separated more from the South, because they industrialized exceptionally fast, while the South increased bondage and went nowhere every bit far as industry is concerned. This was how Whitney indirectly sped up the patterned advance to civil war in the United States. Eli Whitney gave the universe more than his portion in his life-time, and decidedly received less than he should hold for his greatest achievements, but Whitney will travel down in the history books as one of the most superb discoverers of the age, and the innovator of the Industrial Revolution. Bachman, Frank. Great discoverers and Their Inventions. New York: American Book Company, 1941. Eberius, Bill. ? Eli Whitney. ? Internet. www.geocities.com/Heartland/Pointe/3048/bio/WHITNEY/eliwhitney.html ? He can do anything. ? Internet. www.eliwhitney.org/ew.htm Schapsmeier, Edward l. ? Cotton Gin. ? Internet. ? Whitney, Eli. ? Microsoft Encarta.

The Professors House Essays - The Professors House, Willa Cather

The Professor's House: A Loss of Identity In Willa Cather's The Professor's House, we see a changing persona in Godfrey St. Peter. Early in the story, St. Peter is a man continually looking and preparing for his future, a man who holds dear to his principles and ideals. The story concludes with an almost frail St. Peter, withdrawn from everything he deems important in his life. He abandons everything that has made him who he is and lives in the memory of his lost and "primitive" (Cather 241) youth. He longs for his Kansas boyhood when he truly lived as a boy more aware of the important things in life. It's an insight with reference to the intense memory of his fallen friend Tom Outland, who has become a symbol of St. Peter's lost youth. His growing distaste for society and how his family is caught up in its materialism makes him long for that world he believed to be pure and whole as a young Kansas boy (Hilgart 388). These intense emotions bring him to an indifference to life so great he is willing to accept death. Throughout the entire story, we see St. Peter growing more and more detached from his family. His manner at family dinner parties is mute and passive. Lillian, the professor's wife, has an acute awareness of St. Peter's changing manner yet cannot place it's cause. She lectures him and he gives her the excuse he is merely tired for never "slight [ing] anything" (Cather 143) in his life. St. Peter at this point knows this is a disguise for what he is truly feeling. His problem is the change he sees in his family. This change is mainly due to the introduction of his daughters' husbands, most notably Marsellus. Marsellus, Rosamond's husband, is perhaps the main culprit to this change. His money causes vanity in Rosamond, which in turn evokes jealousy in Kathleen, St. Peter's other daughter. We see the professor's perplexity at Lillian's change in attitude around Marsellus. She becomes caught up in his glitter and excess. Lillian is attracted to his vivacity and eagerness which is an almo st an exact contradiction to St. Peter's somber attitude. He remembers his daughters as innocent girls, untainted by the world, and a wife who responded to his youthful exhilaration as she does now to Marsellus. To St. Peter, an unfamiliar family is formed by this change and he, constrained by his values, does not change with them. His uncertainty of them is seen when he tells Lillian the story of Euripides going to live alone in a cave by the sea because his house had not agreed with him. St. Peter says to this, "I wonder whether it was because he (Euripides) had observed women so closely all his life" (Cather 136). The change in St. Peter's family is disappointing to him. He is a man with high expectations, morals, and a sense of what is good in people. We see his family betraying all these traits with their fondness for society's empty glamour. St. Peter remembers, with pleasure, his innocent girls wildly in love with Tom Outland and his stories of the Southwest. These memories bring an intense emotion of nostalgia for pure and wholesome days. Again, the professor's disappointment is seen over the sparring over the patent money. It is this money that has been the root of change St. Peter has begun to abhor. In addition, Tom Outland's memory has been tainted by this money. The professor believes the money is a smear on the pure and spotless story of Outland. He rejects this wealth because he will not participate in allowing his memory of Tom to be "translated into the vulgar tongue" (Cather 50). Cather portrays St. Peter as an individual set in his ways and not willing to change. It is this stubbornness which refuses to allow him to become like his family. He sees them as wrong because of their new attitude. St. Peter depicts his family's imperfection as being cause for his solitude. But it is St. Peter unwillingness to change and adapt that is the root of his problems. Lillian tells him this when she says, "One must go on living, Godfrey.